{"id":72,"date":"2021-05-08T01:00:11","date_gmt":"2021-05-07T23:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/?page_id=72"},"modified":"2021-05-11T13:39:50","modified_gmt":"2021-05-11T11:39:50","slug":"trestni-pravo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/pravni-sluzby\/trestni-pravo\/","title":{"rendered":"Trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je tzv. pr\u00e1vn\u00edm odv\u011btv\u00edm ultima ratio<\/em>, tedy odv\u011btv\u00edm, jeho\u017e instituty by m\u011bly b\u00fdt aplikov\u00e1ny pouze v\u00a0t\u011bch nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Bylo-li proti V\u00e1m zah\u00e1jeno trestn\u00ed st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010di byla-li V\u00e1m naopak trestnou \u010dinnost\u00ed zp\u016fsobena \u0161koda \u010di nemajetkov\u00e1 \u00fajma, pak se na m\u011b nev\u00e1hejte obr\u00e1tit. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci trestn\u00edho pr\u00e1va se v\u011bnuji n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomoc p\u0159i pod\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 Trestn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zaru\u010duje ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, kdo m\u00e1 Policii \u010cR podat vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pr\u00e1vo na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomoc \u2013 lhostejno, zda jde o sv\u011bdka, \u010di o osobu podez\u0159elou ze sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu. \u00dakolem advok\u00e1ta, kter\u00fd se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, je zejm\u00e9na dohl\u00e9dnout na z\u00e1konnost cel\u00e9ho \u00fakonu, a d\u00e1le klientovi radit \u010di mu v\u0161e pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit. Jste-li proto p\u0159edvol\u00e1n\/a policejn\u00edm org\u00e1nem k pod\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pak v\u017edy d\u016fkladn\u011b zva\u017ete, zda by nebylo vhodn\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1dat o p\u0159\u00edtomnost advok\u00e1ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obhajoba<\/strong> \u2013 Bylo-li proti V\u00e1m zah\u00e1jeno trestn\u00ed st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed, pak m\u00e1te v r\u00e1mci pr\u00e1va na obhajobu pr\u00e1vo na obh\u00e1jce. Obh\u00e1jcem p\u0159itom m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pouze advok\u00e1t. Obh\u00e1jce si m\u016f\u017ee obvin\u011bn\u00fd bu\u010f zvolit, nebo mu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ustanoven soudem \u2013 to v\u0161ak pouze v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech (typicky u obvin\u011bn\u00ed ze sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu, jeho\u017e horn\u00ed hranice trestn\u00ed sazby p\u0159evy\u0161uje 5 let).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volbu obh\u00e1jce nen\u00ed radno podcenit \u2013 nastaven\u00ed t\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 strategie obhajoby je toti\u017e kl\u00ed\u010dem k odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed t\u011bch nejhor\u0161\u00edch mo\u017en\u00fdch n\u00e1sledk\u016f, ide\u00e1ln\u011b tedy odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed, \u010di v z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed k nepodm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9mu trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ani v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je vina obvin\u011bn\u00e9ho evidentn\u00ed \u010di kdy obvin\u011bn\u00fd vinu uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, nen\u00ed v\u0161e ztraceno. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je m\u00fdm c\u00edlem dos\u00e1hnout toho, aby se klient trestu zcela vyhnul a trestn\u00ed st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed bylo podm\u00edn\u011bn\u011b \u010di zcela zastaveno, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b aby byla uzav\u0159ena dohoda o vin\u011b a trestu a m\u00e9mu klientovi byl ulo\u017een trest co nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed je, aby obh\u00e1jce poukazoval na ve\u0161ker\u00e9 poleh\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed okolnosti a zajistil tak sv\u00e9mu klientovi v r\u00e1mci trestn\u00edho procesu co nejp\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bnuji se obhajob\u011b fyzick\u00fdch i pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob, a to v souvislosti s ve\u0161ker\u00fdmi druhy trestn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zastupov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00e9ho<\/strong> \u2013 Podobn\u011b jako obvin\u011bn\u00fd m\u00e1 i osoba, kter\u00e9 byla trestn\u00fdm \u010dinem zp\u016fsobena \u0161koda \u010di nemajetkov\u00e1 \u00fajma (po\u0161kozen\u00fd), pr\u00e1vo na pomoc advok\u00e1ta. Ten v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vystupuje jako zmocn\u011bnec a jeho \u00fakolem je h\u00e1jit z\u00e1jmy sv\u00e9ho klienta a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se t\u00e9\u017e dom\u00e1hat toho, aby soud v odsuzuj\u00edc\u00edm rozsudku ulo\u017eil obvin\u011bn\u00e9mu povinnost k n\u00e1hrad\u011b zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u0161kody. Zmocn\u011bnec osoby po\u0161kozen\u00e9 m\u00e1 v trestn\u00edm procesu obdobn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed jako obh\u00e1jce osoby obvin\u011bn\u00e9 – m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomen v\u0161em vy\u0161et\u0159ovac\u00edm \u00fakon\u016fm, kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky sv\u011bdk\u016fm a obvin\u011bn\u00e9mu atd. Po\u0161kozen\u00fd sice m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1hradu zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u0161kody uplatnit i ob\u010danskopr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u017ealobou, av\u0161ak uplatn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto n\u00e1roku v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se jev\u00ed jako v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 po\u0161kozen\u00fd nemus\u00ed platit soudn\u00ed poplatek, nenese d\u016fkazn\u00ed b\u0159emeno, b\u0159emeno tvrzen\u00ed atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00e1hejte se na m\u011b proto obr\u00e1tit, byla-li V\u00e1m trestn\u00fdm \u010dinem zp\u016fsobena \u0161koda \u010di nemajetkov\u00e1 \u00fajma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Compliance<\/strong> \u2013 z\u00e1konem \u010d. 418\/2011 Sb., byla zavedena trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdch osob. Plat\u00ed tak, \u017ee sp\u00e1ch\u00e1-li fyzick\u00e1 osoba trestn\u00fd \u010din, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt paraleln\u011b s touto fyzickou osobou odsouzena i osoba pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1, m\u016f\u017ee-li j\u00ed b\u00fdt tato trestn\u00e1 \u010dinnost p\u0159i\u010ditateln\u00e1. Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 osoba je trestn\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za trestn\u00e9 \u010diny, kter\u00e9 byly sp\u00e1ch\u00e1ny v jej\u00edm z\u00e1jmu, nebo i jen v r\u00e1mci jej\u00ed \u010dinnosti, sp\u00e1chal-li tento trestn\u00fd \u010din jej\u00ed statut\u00e1rn\u00ed org\u00e1n, ale t\u0159eba i jej\u00ed zam\u011bstnanec, a dokonce i osoba v obdobn\u00e9m postaven\u00ed zam\u011bstnance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 osoba se v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee t\u00e9to trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti zprostit, pokud prok\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee vynalo\u017eila ve\u0161ker\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed, aby sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu zabr\u00e1nila. A pr\u00e1v\u011b pod toto \u00fasil\u00ed spad\u00e1 pojem, kter\u00fd se v praxi ozna\u010duje jako compliance program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spr\u00e1vn\u011b nastaven\u00fd compliance program m\u00e1 zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby byla pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 osoba v budoucnu trestn\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za trestn\u00e9 \u010diny sp\u00e1chan\u00e9 jej\u00edmi zam\u011bstnanci \u010di dal\u0161\u00edmi v z\u00e1kon\u011b uveden\u00fdmi osobami. Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd compliance program by m\u011bl b\u00fdt tvo\u0159en n\u011bkolika instrumenty slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi k co mo\u017en\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prevenci kriminality. Mezi tyto instrumenty typicky spad\u00e1 pravideln\u00e9 \u0161kolen\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed org\u00e1nu pro p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch podez\u0159en\u00ed na p\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, ale t\u00e9\u017e etick\u00fd kodex spole\u010dnosti a obdobn\u00e9 dokumenty. Vlastn\u00ed compliance program by v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u011bla m\u00edt ka\u017ed\u00e1 spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1vnick\u00fdm osob\u00e1m poskytuji slu\u017eby spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed bu\u010f v revizi a aktualizaci, resp. zlep\u0161en\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho compliance programu, nebo v tvorb\u011b zcela nov\u00e9ho compliance programu. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti sestavuji compliance program na m\u00edru s t\u00edm, \u017ee nejprve analyzuji m\u00edru rizika sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9 kter\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, a podle toho navrhuji p\u0159ijet\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch mechanism\u016f, pomoc\u00ed nich\u017e by m\u011bla b\u00fdt prevence kriminality uvnit\u0159 spole\u010dnosti na co mo\u017en\u00e1 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e, a kter\u00e9 by v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sp\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu fyzickou osobou m\u011bly osobu pr\u00e1vnickou trestn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti zcela zbavit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je tzv. pr\u00e1vn\u00edm odv\u011btv\u00edm ultima ratio, tedy odv\u011btv\u00edm, jeho\u017e instituty by m\u011bly b\u00fdt aplikov\u00e1ny pouze v\u00a0t\u011bch nejz\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":61,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":111,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions\/111"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/61"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}