\u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd \u00fastavn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za vzor p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Jen v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice najdeme n\u011bkolik politick\u00fdch stran, kter\u00e9 ve sv\u00fdch politick\u00fdch programech hl\u00e1saj\u00ed zaveden\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9ho stylu, leckdy v\u0161ak bohu\u017eel bez hlub\u0161\u00ed znalosti cel\u00e9 problematiky. Jak tedy vlastn\u011b ona p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 demokracie ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku funguje?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159edn\u011b je nutn\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee prvky p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie v podob\u011b referenda a lidov\u00e9 iniciativy (viz n\u00ed\u017ee) jsou ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 konfederaci a jej\u00edm lidu hluboce a trvale zako\u0159en\u011bny. \u0160v\u00fdca\u0159i si jsou velmi dob\u0159e v\u011bdomi toho, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 demokracie nen\u00ed pouze v\u00fdsadou, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm povinnost\u00ed, ke kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba p\u0159istupovat velmi odpov\u011bdn\u011b<\/strong>. To vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z vysok\u00e9 volebn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti, kter\u00e1 u lidov\u00fdch iniciativ po\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni \u010din\u00ed v pr\u016fm\u011bru cca 45 %, v\u00fdjimkou v\u0161ak nejsou ani \u00fa\u010dasti ve v\u00fd\u0161i p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edch 70 %(viz: https:\/\/www.bfs.admin.ch\/bfs\/de\/home\/statistiken\/politik\/abstimmungen\/stimmbeteiligung.html).<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00e1le je nutn\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee \u0160v\u00fdca\u0159i ke sv\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu volebn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu p\u0159istupuj\u00ed odpov\u011bdn\u011b, o \u010dem\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed ryze populistick\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, o kter\u00fdch bylo v minulosti hlasov\u00e1no a kter\u00e1 byla zam\u00edtnuta. Zm\u00ednit lze nap\u0159. n\u00e1vrh zaveden\u00ed nepodm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edjmu ve v\u00fd\u0161i 2.500 fr. (cca 60.000 K\u010d) pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho bez ohledu na to, zda doty\u010dn\u00fd pracuje \u010di nikoliv, kter\u00fd byl 76,9 % hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch voli\u010d\u016f zam\u00edtnut (viz https:\/\/www.bk.admin.ch\/ch\/d\/pore\/vi\/vis423.html), \u010di n\u00e1vrh, kter\u00fd by komer\u010dn\u00edm bank\u00e1m zabr\u00e1nil ve vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00fdch pen\u011bz a sv\u011b\u0159il tuto pravomoc v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00ed bance, kter\u00fd byl zam\u00edtnut 75,7 % hlasuj\u00edc\u00edch voli\u010d\u016f (viz https:\/\/www.bk.admin.ch\/ch\/d\/pore\/rf\/cr\/2016\/20160923.html). T\u011b\u017eko odhadnout, zda by k podobn\u00fdm t\u00e9mat\u016fm p\u0159istupovali se stejnou odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed i ob\u010dan\u00e9 t\u011bch st\u00e1t\u016f, kde p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 demokracie nen\u00ed historicky za\u017eita a kde ostatn\u011b nen\u00ed leckdy masov\u00fd z\u00e1jem ani o prvky demokracie nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9…<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Referenda se ve \u0160v\u00fdcarsku konaj\u00ed na \u00farovni m\u00edstn\u00ed, kanton\u00e1ln\u00ed a celost\u00e1tn\u00ed. Rozsah p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie na \u00farovni m\u00edstn\u00ed a kanton\u00e1ln\u00ed je p\u0159itom v ka\u017ed\u00e9 obci odli\u0161n\u00fd. P\u016fvodn\u00ed a nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pojet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie je dodnes zachov\u00e1no ve dvou kantonech, tj. v kantonech Appenzell Innerhoden a Glarus, kde se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b kon\u00e1 tzv. Landsgemeinde, tedy shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech dosp\u011bl\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f kantonu, kter\u00e9 rozhoduje o p\u0159ijet\u00ed kanton\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f \u010di \u00fastavy. V t\u011bchto dvou kantonech tak bez schv\u00e1len\u00ed referendem nem\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt na kanton\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 legislativn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na celost\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00farovni se pak rozli\u0161uje mezi lidovou iniciativou a referendem. Lidov\u00e1 iniciativa<\/strong> (Volksinitiative) d\u00e1v\u00e1, zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9mu ob\u010danovi mo\u017enost zm\u011bnit \u00fastavu. Podm\u00ednkou toho je nasb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed 100 000 podpis\u016f opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edch souhlas s navrhovanou zm\u011bnou \u00fastavy. Tento n\u00e1vrh je pak postoupen k celost\u00e1tn\u00edmu hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ur\u010ditou zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost\u00ed je, \u017ee lidovou iniciativou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyvol\u00e1no pouze hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u011b \u010di p\u0159ijet\u00ed nov\u00e9 \u00fastavy, ne v\u0161ak ji\u017e z\u00e1kona. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd ob\u010dan si tak m\u016f\u017ee “vybojovat” zm\u011bnu \u00fastavy, nem\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak vyvolat hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, co\u017e ve sv\u00e9m d\u016fsledku vede ob\u010das k tomu, \u017ee se do \u00fastavy dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed pon\u011bkud bizarn\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed upravuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt sp\u00ed\u0161e upraveny b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm z\u00e1konem. P\u0159\u00edkladem budi\u017e nap\u0159. \u010dl. 72 odst. 3 spolkov\u00e9 \u00fastavy, kter\u00fd zakazuje stavbu minaret\u016f, co\u017e je n\u011bco, co v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm p\u0159edpisu upravuj\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1klady fungov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu prost\u011b nem\u00e1 co pohled\u00e1vat. Na druhou stranu, pokud se chce \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd ob\u010dan domoci aktivn\u011b legislativn\u00ed zm\u011bny, nezbude mu, ne\u017e sv\u00fdm n\u00e1vrhem zas\u00e1hnout do \u00fastavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Druh\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie je pak referendum<\/strong>. \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00e1 \u00fastava p\u0159itom rozli\u0161uje mezi referendem fakultativn\u00edm (dobrovoln\u00fdm) a obligatorn\u00edm (povinn\u00fdm). Obligatorn\u00edm referendem mus\u00ed v\u017edy proj\u00edt n\u00e1vrhy zm\u011bny spolkov\u00e9 \u00fastavy, n\u00e1vrhy vstupu do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizace kolektivn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti (NATO) \u010di do nadn\u00e1rodn\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed (EU) a n\u00e1vrhy n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f. Pokud tak lid v referendu danou ot\u00e1zku neschv\u00e1l\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee nikdy doj\u00edt ke zm\u011bn\u011b \u00fastavy \u010di nap\u0159. ke vstupu \u0160v\u00fdcarska do EU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fakultativn\u00edmu referendu pak m\u016f\u017ee podl\u00e9hat p\u0159ijet\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoliv z\u00e1kona \u010di n\u011bkter\u00fdch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv. Pro vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed fakultativn\u00edho referenda je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba nasb\u00edrat 50 000 podpis\u016f opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fdch voli\u010d\u016f, a to do 100 dn\u00ed od zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu. Fakultativn\u00ed referendum m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1le vyvolat alespo\u0148 8 kanton\u016f. Po\u017eaduje-li tak alespo\u0148 50 000 voli\u010d\u016f \u010di 8 kanton\u016f, aby se o p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1kona \u010di mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvy hlasovalo v referendu, mus\u00ed se referendum konat, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159i zam\u00edtnut\u00ed z\u00e1kona v referendu je z\u00e1kon pova\u017eov\u00e1n za neschv\u00e1len\u00fd, by\u0165 ho p\u0159edt\u00edm schv\u00e1lil parlament.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lid m\u00e1 proto ve \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie velmi siln\u00e9 postaven\u00ed. Bez kladn\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku referenda nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zm\u011bnit \u00fastavu a p\u0159i dostate\u010dn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu ob\u010dan\u016f ani z\u00e1kon \u010di mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvu. Av\u0161ak pouze v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracii m\u016f\u017ee zaru\u010dit funk\u010dnost smyslupln\u00e9ho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0160v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd \u00fastavn\u00ed syst\u00e9m je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za vzor p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 demokracie po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Jen v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice najdeme n\u011bkolik politick\u00fdch stran,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":146,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142\/revisions\/146"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akbrezina.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}